instruction, education, prosedur, formal latter, informal letter

1. INSTRUCTIONS

       Giving instructions in English (Memberi instruksi dalam bahasa Inggris)

Sitting down and standing up

Moving around

·         Come in and please sit down. ·         Ok – sit down now please. ·         Sit down together at your tables. ·         Ok – everyone – sit down – quietly. ·         Ana – sit down over there – with your friend. ·         Purnomo, turn around and face the front. ·         Ok, everybody, stop talking now and listen carefully. ·         Ok, please stand up. And don’t make too much noise. ·         Everybody up! That’s right! ·         Stand still! Don’t move. ·         Stay in your places! Stay where you are.

·         Right. Taro, can you come here please? ·         Ok, come out here to the front of the class. ·         Ok, your group, come up to the front. ·         Right, now, you, you, and you …come over here ·         Now, get into a line, stand in a line. ·         I want you to make two lines, along here . . . ·         Like this, one behind the other. ·         Let’s see…move up a bit…good, that’s nice and straight? ·         Can you make a circle? A nice round circle. Good? ·         Not too close…a bit further apart…step back a bit, that’s better ·         Suresh…come forward a bit… yes, that’s it. ·         Ok. Thank you now go back to your places.

2. EDUCATION TEXT

 

President Obama presided over a rare and significant session of the U.N. Security Council today as leaders of 15 nations voted to unanimously adopt a resolution aimed at stopping the flow of foreign terrorist fighters across the globe.

It was only the sixth time in the Security Council’s 68-year history that member country heads of state convened for a session, and only the second time a U.S. president held the rotating chairmanship.  In 2009, Obama led a meeting on nuclear nonproliferation.

The White House says the resolution is a critical cornerstone of the long-term, global effort to destroy Islamic extremist groups, like ISIS and al Qaeda. Here’s a short explainer on what the resolution is and what it does:

What does the UN Security Council resolution say?

The resolution requires all 193 United Nations member states to “prosecute and penalize” people who travel or attempt to travel abroad for terrorism training, or who help finance such efforts. It would require countries to deny entry to anyone they have “reasonable grounds” to believe could be supporting or participating in terror-related activities. It would also compel countries to share airline passenger information records and other personal details with international databases to help track and prevent movement of suspected foreign fighters.

How is a ‘foreign fighter’ defined?

The resolution singles out “foreign terrorist fighters” as those individuals who “travel to a State other than their States of residence or nationality for the purpose of the perpetration, planning, or preparation of, or participation in, terrorist acts or the providing or receiving of terrorist training, including in connection with armed conflict.”

How significant a threat are foreign fighters?

The National Counterterrorism Center says there are about 15,000 individuals from 80 countries fighting or training with Islamic extremists inside Syria and Iraq. The total includes an estimated 2,000 Europeans and over 100 Americans who “have attempted to go or have gone.”  The FBI says some U.S. fighters, who received training abroad and/or fought alongside rebel groups in Iraq or Syria, have returned to the United States and are under active monitoring.  Meanwhile, western passport-holders still abroad are of great concern to homeland security authorities because they can enter the country without having to apply for a visa and undergo additional scrutiny.

How will the UN resolution be enforced?

Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter are binding on all 193 member nations, but there is no “hard enforcement mechanism in place,” U.S. officials concede. It’s largely global peer pressure that will lead to wider implementation of the resolution as an international norm.  One challenge facing enforcement is competing definitions of what a “foreign fighter” is: a terrorist in one country’s eyes could be a freedom fighter in another’s. Another challenge is tracking and cracking down on nation-less cyber-recruitment of violent extremists, while balancing civil liberties and Internet freedom at home.  There’s also not a global consensus on what constitutes a terrorist organization.  Nonetheless, the White House says simply “galvanizing” other countries to be more attuned to the problem of foreign fighters is a key objective.

3. PROCEDURE TEXT

HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE

• Sitting on the bike, make sure you know where the brakes are and how to operate them.

• You have to learn to balance the bike.

Find a person who can hold your bike behind you and try to steady it as you pedal. Also find a place to ride that is grassy or such.

• After practicing for a couple minutes, the person can release his or her hands while you try to keep your balance.

• When you are ready, ride alone.

But first lower the seat until you can sit on it and put both feet flat on the ground.

• When you are confident you can put your feet on the pedals and coast for a few feet, try not putting your feet down to train your sense of balance.

Do this for 30-45 minutes or so, until you have a good feel and some confidence about steering the bike.

• As you gain experience, raise the seat up so that only your toes can touch the ground while you are seated.

This is the more appropriate height for your seat.

• Finally, you have to practice.

• Once you can balance, pedal, start, and stop, you're a bicycle rider. Congratulations!

4.FORMAL LATTER

How to write a formal letter

With the advent of email, it is becoming less and less common to write letters, but the few letters that you will write will probably be very important ones, such as covering letters for job applications, covering letters for questionnaires or surveys which are part of your research, or letters of complaint to your bank manager.

It is very important, therefore, that your letters have the desired effect on the reader. In order to achieve this, they should be:

·         in the correct format

·         short and to the point

·         relevant

·         free of any grammatical or spelling mistakes

·         polite, even if you’re complaining

·         well presented

This guide will give some general advice on letter writing and includes some sample letters.

If you are replying to a letter it can be a good idea to note how that letter has been formatted and expressed.

EXAMPLE :

Whitcomb Polytechnic
20-30 Newcastle Road
Whitcombe
Tyne and Wear
WT5 4AH

11 October 2007

The General Manager
Fukuoka Motors (UK) Ltd
PO Box 137
York Road
Loughton
Durham
LT3 5HD

Dear Sir

I understand from my colleague, Professor William Jones, who visited your Loughton plant last month, that you sometimes allow groups of students to tour the factory and see for themselves how Japanese production techniques operate in a European environment. Professor Jones himself was most impressed by his own visit, and recommended that I write to you.

Would it be possible for a group of 20 Business Studies students - male and female, aged between 18 and 22 - from Whitcomb Polytechnic to visit you before the end of this term, which is on the 21 December? I realise that you must receive many requests for such visits, and that the time available may already be booked up. If it is not, and you are able to see us, I should be most grateful if you could suggest a date and let me know of any normal conditions you lay down for visits of this kind.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully

B Farrant (Dr)
Senior Lecturer

5. INFORMAL LETTER

How to write a formal letter

·         begins with

Dear ...

or

Hi, Hello 

·         refers to reason for writinguses contractionsuses abbreviationsuses simple, short sentencesuses simple linkers, e.g.

·         then, later may have paragraph scould use slangcould use exclamation marks ends with Best wishes / Write soon ends with a signature

·         LANGUAGE USED openings

Thanks for your letter. It was great to get your letter. I’m writing to ask you a favour. Sorry for not writing for so long.

·         Signalling the end

I must go now. Looking forward to hearing from you. I’ll finish now as I’m running out of space.Bye for now I´d better get going

·         Letter closings

Love Hope to hear from you soon Best wishes

EXAMPLE :

Diana

Jl. Pattimura, 14

Bandar Lampung 1453

Hello my friend, how are you there? I have a lot of stories in my new city. Apparently, this city is very beautiful and I think I would stay here in a very long period of time. Last week, I visit to many great places such as beach, waterfall, and hot bathing place.

My family and I went in the morning to visit the beach and we went for surfing. In my opinion, that was the best surfing place ever. If you are on vacation to my city, you will find the big waves and you’ll love it. Then, I went to the waterfall. I felt how the waterfall falling into my body and it was very exciting. What about the hot bathing place? I do not want to tell you now, because I want you to visit here so that we can enjoy those places together. It is a very good city, especially for the tourist destinations.

Hopefully we can meet soon, my best friend.

Your friend,

Andika